the more objective sense the Greek word has when applied to God. God’s reaction to sin is not the “anger” of an emotional person; it is the necessary reaction of a holy God to sin. The Old Testament regularly speaks of God’s inflicting wrath on people, both in the course of history (e.g., Ex. 32:10–12; Num. 11:1; Jer. 21:3–7) and, especially, at the end of history. Paul usually also depicts God’s wrath as coming at the Parousia (see, e.g., Rom. 2:5, 8; 5:9; Col. 3:6; 1 Thess. 1:10). Because of this,